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Ben Symonds Clarke gets hit by a vehicle High school understudy Clarke Greenbank, who was recently struck by a vehicle, has beaten the mortification and misuse and is currently back on the social scene. On September eleventh 2008, Clarke Greenbank was biking from his home to Harry Miller Middle School, situated in Rothesay New Brunswick. He was nearly there, he rode up to the cross walk and ensured the vehicles halted for him to cross, they did, and tragically one of the drivers didn't see Clarke.Clarke was hit by an approaching vehicle; he was hurled off his bicycle and arrived on his back on the hood of the vehicle, he at that point folded off the vehicle into the center off the road. Luckily Clarke was not harmed harshly, Clarke says â€Å"My back was somewhat sore for half a month and I wasn’t ready to play sports or anything†. Clarke’s embarrassment began once the updates on his mishap spread through the school, individual colleague Colin Rachford says that the responses of Clarkes peers were along the lines of â€Å"hahahahahaha†, â€Å"Oh my god† and â€Å"Of course it was Clarke†.It was the school joke, individuals would regularly bring it up to Clarke, and he would get gazed and chuckled at while strolling the forlorn corridors of Harry Miller Middle School. The prodding continued for quite a while; Clarke says â€Å"I was truly known as the person who got hit by a vehicle for all of evaluation 8†. From the outset Clarke would become irritated or irate when individuals would bring it up, by either disregarding them or advise them to â€Å"shut up†. These teasing’s kept on occurring and Clarke was getting worn out on getting distraught over it so he chose to poke fun at the episode. He was delighted with the consideration he was getting.Classmate Bailey Collins says â€Å" One day in class we had a gracefully educator who made us tell our name and 1 snippet of data about ourselves, when it got to Clarkes turn he stated: My name is Clarke Greenbank and I got hit by a car†. Clarke figured it is silly to let it get to him everlastingly, from that point forward Clarke was neither embarrassed nor humiliated about his occurrence however acknowledged as a decent story to tell when he is more established and has children of his own and he says â€Å"Hopefully when I recount to my children the narrative of me getting hit by a vehicle they will be progressively cautious when crossing streets.Now as opposed to being known as the person who got hit by a vehicle, Clarke is known for his outstanding rate skating abilities, extraordinary comical inclination, alright preference for music and his energetic grin. From getting hit by a vehicle Clarke has figured out how to expect the sudden throughout everyday life and to look left and right before going across the road. Clarke is thankful that he was not genuinely harmed and from the man himself â€Å"if it was blended there, i t’s from there’.

Policy issues affecting the police Essay

Much the same as some other office in the administration, the police power is to a great extent affected by the arrangement gives that the legislature receives. Be it new laws or techniques, they need to change their activities to fit what the strategies direct. The obligation of the police is to keep up lawfulness and in doing this they need to join approaches set by the administration. As it will be appeared in this paper, these strategy issues may influence the exercises of the police power to such an extent that they may need to totally change their methods of tasks to fit the government’s prerequisites. Numerous strategies concerning police lead, human rights and police obligations are have been advanced in numerous discussions and meetings tending to national security. Examination Unlike in the past where the police had an outright force, a cop these days may get oneself being sued for infringement of human rights, for example, police mistreating or attack (Freund, 2006; Meadows, 2000). There are a few strategies that have been advanced observing update of a few laws which influence the police straightforwardly. Strategy issues on human rights requiring explicit methodology of capture and treatment of suspects have been made. The fourth amendment has restricted police power particularly with the private law that shields residents from outlandish pursuits and seizures. This implies before a cop can look or hold onto private property, there must be a warrant which is given when the need to look through premises is critical to ensure security. Singular freedom and human rights shields residents from bogus confinement. The fourth amendment comes as a common obligation to the cops which confines their exercises since they need to focus on abstain from overstepping the law (Freund, 2006). This has influenced the police in that it has constrained their capacity to get however much data as could be expected concerning a wrongdoing. A few officials have additionally wound up in court over what can be alluded to as attack during capture. Maybe one of the most present approach gives that has influenced the police is the government’s against psychological oppression arrangement. A solid arrangement particularly after the 9-11 assaults on the U. S drew out the significance of the need to increase security to keep such assaults from occurring in future. The administration targets keeping the chance of any fear based oppressor assault which must include the police (Pleck, 2004). The inclusion of the police power in the war against fear mongering has prompted the requirement for all the more preparing on the cops on occurrence the board and psychological warfare insight. As the administration noticed, the police power was not well prepared to deal with such extreme episodes thus the requirement for preparing on occurrence the board. Once more, there the need to create knowledge aptitudes to counter any type of dangers calls for legitimate preparing of the police. So as to guarantee that the necessities of this approach are met, the legislature has presented unique preparing plans for the police which they need to go to continue refreshing them on better aptitudes and insight on staying away from fear based oppression assaults just as how on the most proficient method to manage psychological warfare episodes if by any possibility they happen (Pleck, 2004). Network policing is a strategy issue that has come up because of the requirement for the network to participate in their own security through detailing any dubious demonstration to the police. This is on the grounds that the network is at the best situation to recognize those that live among them (Palmiotto, 2000). The administration necessitates that the cops work connected at the hip with the network in order to check wrongdoing exercises in the general public. The impact of this on the police is that there has been requirement for preparing to assist them with having the option to manage the network and help in distinguishing between potential peril and typical happenings (Palmiotto, 2000). The police have additionally been given the additional obligation of preparing and teaching individuals from general society on the best way to recognize potential dangers inside the network and how they can manage them related to the police. The people group policing generally centers around powerless gatherings, for example, kids and ladies who are probably going to be casualties of viciousness. Approach issues concerning assault have been advanced which has required for prepared authorities to deal with assault calls just as communication between the police and clinical experts to help in illuminating such cases (Palmiotto, 2000). The administration advocates for progression in innovation for manageable turns of events. As an issue of national security, there has been the rising requirement for the police to overhaul their innovation in order to meet the consistently expanding crime percentages. Innovation has been utilized by crooks to take from various residents and this has raised an issue of concern. Digital wrongdoings, phishing and wholesale fraud have been on the ascent. The issue with these sorts of violations is that getting the culprits can be very hard because of the progression in innovation that is utilized to lead the wrongdoings. Staying aware of these improvements represents a test to the police who need to concoct further developed techniques to find digital hoodlums, programmers and personality criminals. As a rule, the police are dependent upon the laws of arraignment and arrangement for equity. Arrangements on the methodology of arraignment profoundly influence the police. For instance, the police are limited by law to possibly record an arraignment when there is considerable proof for the event of the wrongdoing. Various strategies exist for various sort of indictments. The adolescent equity for instance has experienced numerous progressions and new approaches have come up following procedures from different cases. Adolescents have a wide scope of rights and confinement of an adolescent must be under genuine doubts of misconduct. Confirmation that is past sensible uncertainty should likewise be set up to guarantee that the adolescent guilty party represents a danger to the network (Rick, 2003). Arrangements on adolescents additionally necessitate that they be put under preventive confinement as indicated by the measures set by the law (Rick, 2003). This separates adolescent guilty parties from grown-up ones. The police subsequently should focus on such subtleties in order to err on the side of caution of the law. It is likewise some portion of their obligations to act as indicated by the laws. End It is obvious that the police’s exercises are exceptionally impacted by arrangement issues. The administration which additionally decides the standards of a nation continually thinks of strategies for national turn of events. These approaches may adjust a department’s exercises or increment its obligations relying upon how the strategy issue is to be handled. It should likewise be noticed that separated from government approaches, each police office has its own strategies which control the officials (Miller, 1997). These incorporate the code of morals that must be trailed by the individual officials. Rules on obligations lists, clothing regulation and discipline for police unfortunate behavior inside the office are carefully followed. Overstepping of these laws may bring about genuine conditions and consequently the cops must tail them precisely. Word Count: 1179 References Freund, E. (2006). The Police Power, Public Policy and Constitutional Rights. New York: Callaghan and Company. Glades, R. J. (2000). A Study of Police Misconduct and Litigation: Findings and Implications. Diary of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 41(2), 77-92. Mill operator, S. et al. (1997). Police morals. London: Allen and Unwin, 1997. Palmiotto, M. (2000). Network policing: a policing system for the 21st century. New York: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pleck, E. (2004). Police in the battle against fear mongering. American Journal of Police, 25(1), 38-45. Rick, A. (2003). Adolescent Justice. New York: Odhams Press.

4 Simple Steps to Deal With Stress and Anxiety

4 Simple Steps to Deal With Stress and Anxiety Do you wonder if you may worry too much? And how much anxiety is officially too much? To answer these questions, you may need to deepen your understanding of stress and anxiety, and how they help and hurt you. Why Worry? Stress and anxiety actually do have their functions if theyre not experienced in excess. They push us to make necessary changes in our lives. They signal when we may be in danger, and inspire us to take action to get ourselves out of danger. (This danger can be any type of threat to our physical or emotional well-being, from not doing well on a test to losing a job to losing a friend.) In this way, feelings of stress and anxiety are healthy and necessary; without them, we may not act in our own best interest. How Much Stress and Anxiety Is Too Much? The point at which worry and anxiety become unhealthy is when they immobilize us rather than inspire us to act. Whether were worried about things in the future, or so stressed and anxious we cant move forward, the stress takes a toll on our minds and bodies, and affects our health. Excessive or unmanaged anxiety can become unhealthy if it takes the form of an anxiety disorder, for example. Symptoms of Too Much Stress Dealing With Anxiety So now that you understand the nature of stress and anxiety a little better, we can focus on eliminating them. The best remedy for anxiety is self-examination and action. Here are some easy steps to follow: First, look inside. What is causing you to worry? Ask yourself this question and think carefully about your answer. Be specific. (For some situations, this may be readily apparent; other times, you may really have to think about it.) Writing in a journal or talking to a friend about it can help you sort out your feelings.Then, decide what action, if any, should be taken. Try to figure out what part of the situation is under your control. Assess the problem to see whether the threat is real, or if you are blowing it out of proportion. If the problem is just a hypothetical situation or a worst-case scenario, decide if it is really likely that your fears will actually come to fruition.Next, come up with a plan that tackles the part of the problem that is under your control. Taking action to protect yourself is a good way to channel nervous energy and provides reassurance against your fears. It is, in most cases, the healthiest response to realistic fears and worries. You may not be able to fix the entire problem, but even taking some steps toward improving your situation can significantly minimize your anxiety.Once you have done all you can, just let it go. Like everything in life, this is easier said than done, but with practice, you can get pretty adept at letting go of excessive levels of stress and anxiety. You can do this by focusing on something else, reminding yourself of the solutions you have worked on, or trying some stress management strategies that can help you feel more centered and at peace, such as prayer or meditation, journaling about your feelings, or listening to music. Getting regular exercise has been found to be especially helpful in combating the physical effects of anxiety and stress. If you still find yourself concerned on a constant basis, you may want to talk to someone about it, either a friend or a professional, depending on how severe your worry is and how much it is affecting your overall stress level. What Stress Management Techniques Are the Best for You?

Learn How to Use the French Preposition Par

The French preposition par means through, by, or per in English. It is used to indicate the manner in which something is done, the reason behind an event, the direction something moves, or the amount of something per some unit of measurement. In everyday conversation, you might use par when giving directions to someone or to describe how an event occurred. Examples of Par Je suis sortie par la porte.I left through/by the door.Jai appris la verità © par hasard.I learned the truth by accident.Il la obtenu par la force.He obtained it by force.Je lai envoyà © par la poste.I sent it through the mail.Il a jetà © les dà ©chets par la fenà ªtre.He threw the garbage though/out the window.Il gagne 500 euros par semaine.He earns 500 euros per week.Par is often used to introduce the agent in the passive voice:Ce livre, à ©crit par Voltaire...This book, written by Voltaire...La tasse a à ©tà © cassà ©e par un chien.The cup was broken by a dog. Verbs With Par As with prepositions in English, there are some instances when a verb will also require using par in sentence construction. Some of the most common French verbs are: arriver  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to succeed through/bycommencer  par  Ã‚  infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  to  begin by ___-ingfaire  par  (la pitià ©,  lamour)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to do out of (pity, love)finir  par   infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  to end up ___-ing / to finally do somethinghabiter  par  ici  Ã‚  Ã‚  to live around herejurer  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to swear byobtenir  quelque  chose par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to obtain something byprendre  quelquun  par  (la main)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to take someone by (the hand)ressembler  par  Ã‚  Ã‚  to resemble due tosortir  par  (la fenà ªtre)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to leave by (the window)venir  par  (la cà ´te)  Ã‚  Ã‚  to come along/by (the coast)

Race and Ethnicity Related Controversy in the News - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1108 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Racism is not based on the rules or the government that is in control, but it is associated with the heart of the people that are involved. The racial barriers that are in the high economic are often shattered by the predictable regularity therefore they make the race to become something that is prescribed. Many of the societies often rely on the newspapers since that is where they only can get the information that they need to know. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Race and Ethnicity Related Controversy in the News" essay for you Create order Information is presented differently by a different journalist to the public. Black people will remain the primary racial subject whereby they will continue to be to be manipulated, exploited and abused by various people that are of the different color. Race and ethnicity are something that has been affecting the Asian Americans and their success. This is because; most of them are discriminated and exploited so they lack the chance of doing what they can do best in the profession that they have. This essay is to analyze and investigate how race or ethnicity has an impact in interpersonal and societal conflict. For the past few years, there is a clear indication that the rate of juvenile crimes and the number of Americans that are being detained is dropping. Juvenile incarceration has decreased by 41 percent since 1995 to 2010. Despite all this, the school discipline policies bare going in the opposite direction because they have embraced the out of school suspensions. The suspensions are doubling since the year 1970. The black students are the more likely people to be suspended or expelled than the white students. According to research, most of the children especially the black students tend to be expelled from school because of the grade that they have since they are not entitled to the same education system as the white students. According to the Obama administration, schools are expelling children at a high rate, and they should find some other means that they can use in punishing the students. Among the 100 students that are suspended, 15 of them are black, and 4.8 of them are white wh ich shows the difference in the ethnic group. Black students are always subjects to poor education that is not as advanced as that of the white students hence making them to be more suspended for such cases of being poor or having a low grade in their class. The journalists are often implicating when it comes to the Asian Americans that have a different color than the rest of the people who have the white color. The racial stereotypes and assumptions are likely to affect the actions that take place in our minds. According to implicit bias that is among many of the journalists, the black people tend to think that they can only be safe if they are the people that know them well or those that they graduated from the same institution. The black population often feel the distance if they are around people that they did not graduate from the same university as them. Black people are subjected to discrimination in schools, and the lecturers that attend to them can be harsh hence causing the failure of this student at one particular point of their life hence leading to the suspension of the student or even being expelled for something that they could have corrected if an individual strategy is employed. The journalists are using different methods to make sure that they pass information or stories that are similar as those that are being employed by each person daily so that they can make or come up with a conversation that is controversial or interesting. The journalists are in a position where they can frame the information that they have both positively and negatively according to the information that they have with them and the impact that it will have to the society.   The white people have the belief that it will be difficult for them to do away with the racial identities for it will be difficult for them to come to terms with the people of color. They claim that they only see themselves as ordinary citizens. They see that the virtue of their status is dominant in their social position which is unmarked. The white people are when they can go throughout their entire life without thinking of the identity that they have. Whiteness is seen as a function where people categorize pe ople and judge them at the same time. Some of the white people have the belief that they are equal to the other people since they can be disempowered in many aspects of their lives. In the United States, it is scarce for there to be social power for there is the existence of strong cultural tendency in that a person is in a position where they can understand the world regarding individualism. The suspension of the black student is something critical and one that has become the primary subject of many people who are concerned. Some of the white people believe that there is the existence of change between racial and ethnicity. People can do away with the discrimination of the people of different color since we are all equal and according to the law, we all have the same privileges so long as we are the citizens of the same country. We have the right to enjoy the rights that are entitled to each person provided that we have all the requirements that are needed. The black children should not be expelled for. Instead, the institution can come up with another strategy that they can use in punishing those that do wrong. This can be effective for it will encourage proper and peace among all people in the society. In 1970 it was sporadic to find the students being expelled out of school as a punishment. After the students had become tolerant of the punishment being given to them, the state concluded that they should come up with individual policies that required the students to be suspended. The black children enroll more in schools, and most of them accounted to being arrested for some minor mistakes or wrong doing that they have done when in school. It is clear that during preschool, around 41 percent of the students being expelled included black and they would be punished more than once. No clear proof indicates the immoral behavior of black students, but due to discrimination, they are the students that are likely to misbehave when at school. According to study, the white children are disciplined for smoking offenses, vandalism, and obscene language while the black children or students are disciplined for something minor like personal reasons such as disrespect.

Zz Packer Free Essays

ZZ Packer The Alternative Master Narrative â€Å"By our second day at Camp Crescendo, the girls in my Brownie troop had decided to kick the asses of each and every girl in Brownie Troop 909† (Packer p. 1). Not exactly how one would think a brownie girl would act, but that’s the trope, author ZZ Packer sets in every one of her stories, in Drinking Coffee Elsewhere. We will write a custom essay sample on Zz Packer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like most authors, ZZ Packer has her own style of writing. She uses similar patterns and techniques throughout her collection of short stories. I will look at two of her stories and how they relate to her style of writing. â€Å"Brownies† is a story that many people of cultural value can relate too. This short story has many moral values in it. Brownies takes place at Camp Crescendo, a summer camp for fourth graders near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. The story is told in first person by an African American girl named Laurel, also known as Snot. On the second day of camp Laurel announces to all the girls in her Brownie Troop that they were going to â€Å"kick the asses† of every girl in the troop, who were all white girls. The black girls disliked the white girls the minute they saw them. There ringleader Arnetta, said they smell â€Å"like chihuahuas. Wet chihuahuas† (Packer p2). The black girls have seen whites before, but they’ve never really had much to do with them. Being at the camp with them was the closest encounter they’ve ever had. which made it realistic and hard to not have any hatred towards them. This story is one of Packers most obvious labels that she usually talks about. As the story goes on, it follows another patten how the narrator of the story Laurel is a loner. Ever since the first grade she has always gotten made fun of, and got the nickname â€Å"Snot†. â€Å"The Ant of the Self† is another story that Packer talks about. It follows the themes of blacks to minorities, the presence of blacks on the east coast, and the main character Spurgeon is a â€Å"loner†. The Ant of the Self is a story about Spurgeon, the intelligent son of Ray Bivens Jr. Throughout the story he finds himself carrying the burden of supporting his self centered father on his shoulders. Ray doesn’t know the true meaning of an intimate relationship and is oblivious to his own son’s needs. When thinking about a father son relationship, you would imagine love, respect, laughter, and support, but when it comes to Spurgeon and his father, their relationship can be described as a business transaction. Spurgeon always supports his father, whatever it may be and he never gets any acknowledgement from his father for being there. In the beginning of the short story Spurgeon bails his father out of jail with money that he earned, and instead of his father showing appreciation or thanking him, he tells him â€Å"Opportunities. You’ve got to invest your money if you want opportunities† (Packer p82). The car ride home his Spurgeon’s father thinks of ways of making fast money, and comes up with an idea. Spurgeon tries telling his father that it’s a bad idea, but of course he doesn’t listen. This story, like many others ends with a the lack of a â€Å"happy ending†. How to cite Zz Packer, Essay examples

Exports and Imports of India Eassy Writing free essay sample

The Indian Economy India was a direct colony of the British and the impact of this colonial rule over the economy and society of India has been immense. It must be stated at the outset that direct colonial rule leaves a total impact on the colonized society because every aspect of social life is influenced by colonial policies of the colonizers. A direct colony (as was the case with India) is under the complete control of the colonizers and colonial policies and interests influence every aspect of social life of a colony. Another important fact about India is that the colonial rule lasted for a very long time and this longevity of colonial rule over India affected the vitals of the Indian society. India in the pre-colonial period had a stable economy. Self-sufficient agriculture, flourishing trade and rich handicraft industries. Subsistence farmers, organized in small village communities carried on agricultural operations in India. Landlords were not landowners; they only had the right or privilege to collect taxes from the peasants (Rothermund, page 1). A village was more or less a self-sufficient economic unit and its business contacts with the outside world were limited to payment of land revenue (generally in kind) and the purchase of a few necessary things from the town nearby. The farmer raised only those crops, which he needed for his own use and shared the same with the village artisan who supplied him with simple manufactures that he needed for his domestic consumption. Means of communication were of a primitive type. Therefore, trade in agricultural produce, was somewhat limited. The farmer usually raised enough produce to feed himself and the non-agricultural members of the village community. If his crop yielded more than the consumption needs, due to favorable climatic conditions, he stored that surplus for use in the lean years. Storage of food grains was a common practice among the pre-colonial agriculturists and constituted, under these conditions, the only remedy against famines. In spite of the fact that the Indian villages were largely self-sufficient units and the means of communication were primitive, India enjoyed extensive trade both within the country and with other countries of Asia and Europe. A balance of the imports and exports was maintained. The items imported into India were pearls, wool, dates, dried fruits and rosewater from the Persian gulf; coffee, gold, drugs and honey from Arabia; tea, sugar and silk from China; gold, musk and woolen cloth; metals like copper, iron and lead, and paper from Europe. The main items exported from India were cotton textiles. Besides cotton textiles, which were famous throughout the world, India also exported raw silk, indigo, opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper and other spices, precious stones and drugs. The lucrative and risky long-distance trade and maritime trade were well financed. Rich merchants as well as high officers and princes participated in these ventures. (Rothermund, page 5). The major features of Indian trade in pre-colonial times were (i) a favorable balance of trade and (ii) a foreign trade most suitable to the level of manufacturing in India. A favorable balance of trade meant an excess of exports over imports, i. e. India exported more than it needed to import. Since the economy was on the whole self-sufficient in handicrafts and agricultural products, India did not need foreign imports on a large scale and continued to enjoy a healthy trade. Secondly, Indias foreign trade suited its requirements very well. In other words, the commodity pattern, so important to any countrys foreign trade, was in Indias favor. India exported the items it specialized in and imported the ones it needed. As discussed above India was a land of extensive manufactures. Indian artisans were famous for their skills the world over. In fact the reason for Indias favorable foreign trade was its excellence in indigenous production. India indulged in a large-scale manufacture of cotton and silk fabrics, sugar, jute, dyestuffs, mineral and metallic products like arms, metal wares and oil. India, towards the end of the 18th century was undoubtedly one of the main centers of world trade and industry. This status of India was completely destroyed under colonial times. Its beginnings can be traced to the after-math of the industrial Revolution in England. The machine made cloth of England began to replace the indigenous manufactures. Indias artisans were forced out of production. The number of weavers also declined. It was this pressure from the British goods that led to the decline of the traditional Indias centers of economic activity listed above. The British East India Company got a legal charter for trade from the Mughal ruler in 1600, and soon this trading company started conquering India. The conquests began in 1757 with the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal by Robert Clive. The East India Company ruled India for a century, i. e. , from the decisiveUNIT 15 INDIA’S EXPORT-IMPORT POLICY Objectives This unit helps you to understand: what is trade policy; kinds of trade policy; phases of liberalisation in trade policies in the process of economic development; trends in India’s exim policies; salient features of India’s import regime during 1950-91; characteristics of India’s export promotion policies; and India’s Trade Policy reforms in the 90s. Though free trade, theoretically, offers several advantages, in reality, particularly underdeveloped countries were at a disadvantage in such a system of international trade. As a result, in the early 20th century, international economy saw the emergence of protective trade policies. A protective trade policy pursued by a country seeks to maintain a system of trade restrictions with the objective of protecting the domestic economy from the competition of foreign products. Protective trade policy constituted an important plank in the commercial policies of underdeveloped.. Bat

New York City and Gentrification Ways free essay sample

Ways of Knowing Las Professor: Research Paper December 2, 2013 Abstract To examine or explore the effects of gentrification, when a group of people of a particular Race is unable to maintain their resources; they are inevitably removed from their environment. There will become a new set of a particular race that will be able to maintain and perhaps create a different environment with their cultures and The purpose of this research paper is to explore and examine the effects of Gentrification. Gentrification has been around for centuries. However, the word gentrification is often times hardly ever use in the English vernacular. Gentrification is the displacement of people. Economics plays a major role in determining who will be displaced or People who are able to afford to not be displaced. Housing, Education and race are the deciding factor in determining gentrification. DEFINITIONS Gentrification is often defined as the transformation of neighborhoods from low value to high value. We will write a custom essay sample on New York City and Gentrification Ways or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses. Displacement happens when long-time or original eighborhood residents move from a gentrified area because of higher rents, mortgages, and property taxes. history and culture and reduces social capital. It often shifts a neighborhoods capital (e. g. , racial/ethnic composition and household income) by adding new stores and resources in run-down neighborhoods.

Twelve Angry Men essays

Twelve Angry Men essays The feature film twelve angry men is a wonderful example of how twelve individuals work through their differences in the movie and finally emerge as a cohesive unit. The two main characters in the movie are Juror number eight who is Henry Fonda and Juror number three who is Lee .J. Cobb. In the first scene in the movie the group process is in its embryonic stages with none of the jurors knowing each other. They first argue about how much time they should spend on the case as eleven out of the twelve jurors vote the boy as guilty in the preliminary vote with only Henry Fonda voting the boy as not guilty as he had a reasonable amount of doubt in his mind about the case and wanted to be sure before giving his judgment as the boy would have faced death through the electric chair if pronounced guilty. The jury needed to be unanimous in their decision therefore Fonda proposed to have a secret vote to see if anyone else changed their mind. Fonda did not vote here as he agreed he would vote the boy guilty if all the rest of the eleven jurors did so also. As it was one of the jurors voted not guilty and the direction of the case turned once again. This was a very important vote as the movie could have ended here if all the eleven jurors voted guilty as their verdict. Another conflict arose here amongst the jury when they all stated to blame juror number five for changing his vote as he like the accused boy was from the slums himself and had a very defensive view about people from the slums. This was not the case at all as it was juror number nine (Joseph Sweeney) who had changed his vote. This is where we see changes emerging within the jury. The vote now changes to nine to three in favor of guilty with juror number five changing his mind. We start seeing the influence juror number eight Henry Fonda has on the other members of the jury as he begins to ...

Narrative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Narrative Speech - Essay Example Indeed, I was happy and executed at the opportunity of exploring new cultures and the education system making it difficult to focus on the tasks at home. However, my parents were not excited since they indicated that I would lose my traditional values and struggle for resources. Apparently, these are effects of immigration based on their research. As my family said goodbye during departure, I acknowledged that it would be difficult for them to visit due to the stringent immigration laws. Indeed, foreigners in the US are often mistaken as persons in search of opportunities to further their dreams; however, this is rarely the case. Indeed, I felt horrible that I was leaving my family behind. Nevertheless, I marveled at the chance of meeting new people. As I landed and exited from JFK, I noticed that the US was significantly developed as compared to my home country. The buzzing cars and skyscrapers were breathtaking; however, I began missing home since everything seemed different. Indeed, I was experiencing culture shock. I immediately bought a hot dog since I was hungry. Alas! I was already abandoning my culture since I devalue fast food. As I settled down, I found a job and attended school; however, I miss big family. I realized that immigration distorts one’s culture since I am accustomed to fast foods; furthermore, I intend to look for additional jobs to keep up indicating that immigrants struggle for resources. In conclusion, it is clear that immigration is a social problem because it leads to loss of values and struggle for resources (Spijkerboer & Walsum

Investment Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment Appraisal - Essay Example However, there are various risks that emanate from the uncertainty encompassing the projected variables. As a result, it is important to identify and understand the nature of uncertainty in the key project variables and have the tools and methodology to identify its risk implications on the projects return to be able to evaluate the project risks. Uncertainty in a project is evident especially in estimating future values of project variable as being certain; by calculating a â€Å"best estimate† based on the available data and use it as an input in the evaluation model: however, a range of other probable outcomes for each project variable is not included in the analysis. The outcome of the project is, therefore, also presented as a certainty with no possible variance or margin of error associated with it. Risk analysis is methodology whereby the uncertainty encompassing the main variables projected in a forecasting model is analyzed in order to estimate the impact of risk on a projected results. It is a technique based on the Monte Carlo simulation by which a mathematical model is subjected to a number of simulation runs, whereby successive scenarios are built up using various input values for the project's key uncertain variables that are selected from multi-value probability distributions. After simulation, the results are collected and analyzed statistically to arrive at a probability distribution of the potential outcomes of the project and to estimate various measures of project risk.

Development of Television in Developing Countries

Development of Television in Developing Countries Research context The growth of television in the developing world over the last two decades has been extraordinary. Television was invented in the early 1900’s and was made commercially available in the 1920’s. Early television was in black and white and was broadcast via analogsignal, butadvance developments are such that now television is very much a personalized form of entertainment. Television now can broadcast a range of programming which is diverse in nature and taken from all around the globe. McLuhan coined the idiom â€Å"a global village† referring to the diversity of the world into becoming one village with the same thoughts and values. And this is what television has caused. Programming can make what is not a normal item in single country into something that is normal. It can change attitudes and values of a people. It can make one specific program from one country into the most wanted program in another country. Television itself has become all powerful as a medium of communication to the world. It turned the world into a global village. Television makes the unusual become something normal. Certain things cease to be unique or amazing. It can make change one society’s attitude, whether it be good or bad. It can make that same society become similar in its materialistic values to another. It makes the world similar and eradicates the differences, which in itself can be good as well as bad. Good in that we can understand each other better but bad, in that we lose those differences that make a culture unique. And different cultures are what make all of us unique. While television was first introduced to India in 1959, for the first three decades almost all broadcasting was in the hands of the state, and the content was primarily focused towards news or information about economic development. According to (Victoria L farmer: 256) national television system in more homogeneous societies the cultural link between programming and its audience was not clear because Indian government monopoly was predicated on its use to promote socio-economic development. Instead of television naturally reflecting a relatively homogenous national culture, Indian programming was specifically designed to create such an identity. In addition India’s sheer size meant that most of its citizens only received transmissions from within India. The most significant innovation in terms of both content and viewership was the introduction of satellite television in the early 1990s. And since television is often watched with family and friends by those without a television or cable, the growth in actual access or exposure to cable is likely to have been even more dramatic. A number of unintended consequences arose from justifying the construction of India’s television network on the basis of television’s potential for promoting ‘development’. The satellite instructional television experiment (SITE) of 1975-6 did show that some gains could be made through provision of information on topics such as new agricultural practices and basic health care. However, these gains proved to be of very limited scope (Victoria L farmer: 258-259). Broadcast of the Asiad in 1982 was the first Indian broadcast in colour-proved to be a phenomenally popular within India, a fact that did not go unnoticed by the former minis ter of information and broadcasting, Indira Gandhi (Victoria L farmer depicting the nation:265). In 1983 Doordarshan begin with commercially sponsored serials; it was a strategic decision to broadcast appealing, popular programming in order to build broad audience for effective political communication. The first hum log a drama with a family planning message begun arising in 1984. The expansion of Doordarshan reach and programming in early 1980s coupled with the advent of commercial sponsorship created a nexus linking state control of television for electoral ends with the commercial pursuit of profit through advertising (Victoria L farmer: 266). A second major consequence of Doordarshan programming in the 1980s was the erosion of the credibility of its news programming, through blatant use of the medium for publicizing congress party leaders and initiatives. This became particularly severe in the period preceding the 1989 elections, when the conspicuous use of news broadcasts for electioneering earned for Doordarshan the derisive sobriquet ‘Rajiv Darshan’ (Victoria L farmer depicting the nation: 268). Besides that the program offerings on cable television are quite different than government programming. The most popular shows tend to be game shows and soap operas. These shows are based around the issues of family and gender. The introduction of television appears in general to have had large effects on Indian societies. This is particularly the case for gender, since this is an area where the lives of rural and slum peoples differ greatly from those depicted in television programmings. By virtue of the fact that the most popular Indian serials take place in urban settings, character depicted on these shows are typically much more emancipated than rural and slum peoples. Further, in many cases there is access to Western television, where these behaviors differ even more markedly from India. There is also a broader literature on the effects of television exposure on social and demographic outcomes in other countries. For example, Pace (1993) describes the effect of television introduction in Brazil on a small, isolated, Amazon community, arguing that the introduction of television changed the framework of social interactions, increased general world knowledge and changed peoples perceptions about the status of their village in the wider world. Kottak (1990) reports on similar data from isolated areas in Brazil, and argues that the introduction of television affects (among other things) views on gender, moving individuals in these areas towards having more liberal views on the role of women in both the workplace and in relationships. And closely related to one of our outcomes, Chong, Duryea and La Ferrara (2007) report declines in fertility in Brazil in response to access to telenovelas; they also find changes in naming patterns of children, with the names of main characters featured on these programs increasing in popularity. The change has been even more dramatic in India. In the span of just 10-15 years since it first became available, cable or satellite penetration has reached an astonishing percentage in the Bhopal. These years represent a time of rapid growth in urban slum television access. Beyond providing entertainment, television vastly increases both the availability of information about the outside world and exposure to other ways of life. This is especially true for remote, rural villages, where several ethnographic and anthropological studies have suggested that television is the primary channel through which households get information about life outside their village (Mankekar, 1993, 1998; Fernandes, 2000; Johnson, 2001; Scrase, 2002). Most popular cable programming features urban settings where lifestyles differ in prominent and salient ways from those in rural areas. For example, many characters on popular soap operas are more educated, marry later and have smaller families. Many female characters work outside the home, sometimes as professionals, running businesses or in other positions of authority. All things rarely found in rural areas. Anthropological accounts suggest that the growth of TV in rural areas has had large effects on a wide range of day-to-day lifestyle behaviors. (Johnson, 2001). Yet there have been few qualitative studies on the influences of television access may have had on social and demographic outcomes of rural and slum areas. Therefore, in this paper we explore the introduction of television in urban slums areas of Bhopal on a particular set of values, behaviors and attitudes towards various television programmings. Although issues of slum development are important throughout the India, they are particularly salient in Bhopal and even their conditions are significantly worse. By exposing slum households to urban attitudes and values, television may lead to improvements in their status. It is this possibility that we explore in this paper.

Literature and Cinema Essay

Life is a Theme of Literature, Literature is the expression of Life. Life fashions Literature and Literature moulds Life. The intimate relation between Literature and Cinema is one of the common place truths which have been illustrated again and again, both Social and literary life history. Literature is the most fascinating creation of a literary artist based on the style and stategy of life. Life and reality are the basics of Literature. It’s a product of creation of a literary artist, accompanied with his theoretical and practical knowledge, intellect, thoughts and imagination, where an artist creates his own animated world with realistic events and incidents. As through the words of Mathew Arnold â€Å" Literature is the best record that is thought and Known in the world†, in the words of Satyajit â€Å"Literature was another avenue for the expression of his creative talents†. Cinema, an art of showing life of human beings and the respective happenings in life, which literature glorifies, not only the actual occurances but also reflects in an idealized form, the standards of social thought and morality. Cinema/Movies, the most remarkable, illuminating & fascinating discovery of Science and Technology, where the credit goes to the American scientist ‘Thomas Alva Edison’. The tone of literature changes with the stages of society, life style and the respective incidents, which portrayted & given a clear view by means of perfect moulding in mode of Films. These film/Vedio tapes are chosen out of the American experimental tradition to exemplify the various techniques of marrying the two arts â€Å"Literature & Cinema†. Every natural incident before the poet, around him, in world is the only source of utterance, arouses out his inspiration & his creative energy that rests upon the core of reality. This what further transformed into poems, speeches, songs and novels respectively. The poet presents his skillfulness, an admirable creation of his imagination and fancy in the mind of the readers, but in Later Middle Ages with the growth and development of drama led the people to exemplify another form of art, their intense fascination on gestures and acting, Various forms of drama were performed based on different scripts gives a clear evidence from the popularity of â€Å"Miracle† and â€Å"Morality† plays and â€Å"Interludes† before the advent of Elizabeathan drama and playwrights. The dramatic performances were based on antiphonal singing, dialogues were written and the possibilities were in Roman Catholic Church, with the advent of Elizabeathan drama, various plays of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Dickens and others followed, enriching the English literature. Considering the nature of work of literature can be comprehended by means of two stages, the art of reading and the art of showing, in which the later transforms poetry, novels, short stories into Cinema. The major distinction between them lies as poetry belonging to the art of utterance, while cinema/movies the art of showing, but on the whole they both don’t make easily a good couple. These films and the vedio makers have taken up the challenge anyway to make a way of responding the poet’s work, creating original cinematic writing, gradually leading to the magical, amusing world of entertainment and the fantasy in films. Cinema, A proportionate to the style of language as when a novel, short story transformed into a film, the first note worthy part comes the script. The script writer may or may not mould down the language of the novel in order to make an easy communication and understanding to the audience, mainly applicable in commercial films. In case of commercial films the novel or short story may be taken as a script but it may be modified according to the flavour of audience. The director Overrules the whole cinematographic sequence and drives away his workshop, tackling all barriers, creating a view of life and reality, giving a colourful portraiture of a dream world mingling with comic and tragic sequences with distinct and dancing, stepping on toes, wooing each other with charms of mouth, eye and mind. Finally ending with an admirable climax. Thus listening and reading a poet’s work is equally proportional to viewing and listening film maker’s work. Infact, Movies/Films are a director’s medium, as they reflect director’s own vision and his thoughts, but a fact acts as a contradiction and though debateable, how can a cinema be its truly literaray genius ? As when a great work of literature is adopted and placed on the screen by a director, whether it will be true or equal to the writer’s vision, as while transforming it into a celluloid. With the inception of Cinema, Literature has attracted all the creative film makers, pioneers in the world of cinema such as Pramathesh Barua, Debaki Basu have based their films on the eminent works of Sarat Chatterjee, Tarashankar Bandhopadhyay and others. Satyajit Ray’s â€Å"Pather Panchali† was the first which brought International Acclaim, was wholly based on the great work of literature of Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhopadhayay, Other than his Imaginative Creation Of Feluda, a Private Investigator, His nephew and literary artist Jatayu, together making â€Å"The Three Musketeers†, roaming different places, solving cases purely based on intellect also placed on the screen- â€Å"Sonar Kella†[The Golden Fortress], Joy Baba Felunath [Mystery of the Elephant God] and many more. His Creation Of Professor Shonku a Scientific, mystery thriller and Tarini Khuro, an adventurous, mystery sequence bring us to his imagination, art and literacy. Film Meastro Tapan Sinha in his film â€Å"Kabuliwallah†, which is wholly based on Tagore’s story, have also struck the writer’s vision. Eminent film makers as Mrinal Sen, Kumar Shahani and Adoor Gopala Krishnan were criticized ruthlessly when their literary works are adopted but distinguished from the original work. Mrinal Sen’s Oriya film â€Å"Matira Manusya† in 1965, the first Oriya film with an extraordinary literacy but had to face criticism due to the differentiation of literacy work with the film. Godrad and Mrinal Sen always based their films on the recreation of literacy classics. In this case the ideas and statements of the film makers get dwarfed in order to be true to the literary classics. Now lifting the veil of literary classics, there are many other eminent countless good Indian films were made simply by translating the works of Sarat Chatterjee, R. K Narayan, Banophool, Premchand, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay, Manik Bondhopadhayay and many more. It is indeed a credit of the director, translating these fabulous works into films by enhancing the appeal of the novel, doing a perfect justice to the writer’s work, possibly contributing a commercial support. Apart from this there are also enough contribution of the film makers of abroad. Films/Movies based on Shakesperean Comedy drama â€Å"Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, â€Å"Twelfth Night†, â€Å"The Merchant Of Venice† etc. Even Shakespeare’s tragedies are transformed in Movies- ‘Macbeth’, ‘Hamlet’, ‘Othello’, ‘King Lear’ ‘Tempest’ etc. Marlowe’s ‘Edward II’, Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’, Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’, Charles Dicken’s ‘Great Expectations’ and many more have been moulded and given a new look, quite popular to our present generation. Penny Gay interested in film ‘adaptation’ of classics, particularly of Shakespeare and Jane Austen: she is enthusiastic about free, imaginative, and wide-ranging rather than literalist attempts to translate these works to the screen. She has supervised several Honours dissertations in this field, and has taught a unit of study called ‘Shakespeare in the City’ which is entirely based on film versions. A close analysis on the films of Premchandra and Saratchandra, we find the characters and the situations are created in such a way, it seems it appears from modern day. Mordern world are in the urge of horror, mystery,thriller Stories, suspence thriller, brutal murders, death sequences centering round a single cause – may b a human being, living dead or alive, beasts and insects, by any cause of scientific or natural disaster, take a major role in the world of Cinema. Commertialy they usually do a huge amount of business. â€Å"Species 1& 2† shows how natural concequences takes a major part in creation of a new species, a living organism with in human beings. â€Å"Spiders and its Offsprings† â€Å"Arachnophobia†, Eight legged Freaks† gives a proper evidence of how a simple carelessness can turn into a terror of death, an unstoppable end. Similarly in movie â€Å"Final Destination†It is seen a different style of terror resulting death and its consequent horrors, with a superb touch of realism, blood hell and unyielding spirit of revenge paralysed the audience with terror. Mrinal Sen said â€Å"Cinema is never overawed by Literature† as he never based his films on any literary piece of work nor he translated any literary work into films, but he never moved away from literature. The Joyous elements of literature always attracted his vision. A small synopsis of the work or novel is enough for him to produce a film, as he belived â€Å"Cinema is a joint form of art, as a new form of art, borrows ideas from the old, creating a new way out from its curves and leads the path of progress as a medium. † Kevin Bacon Says â€Å"A good director creates an environment, which gives the actor the encouragement to fly†, Hector Babenko said â€Å"Curiosity doesn’t matter any more. These days people don’t want to be transported to emotional territories where they don’t know how to react. † -Robert Bresson said â€Å"My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I use, which are killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life again like flowers in water. † The Script for making a movie always comes from literature, Pratical incidents, Realism, Beauty, Nature, Romance, comedy, Tragedy, Soliloque are the common facts of both literature and cinema. Cinema is Solely indebeted to literature, either partially or completely. Though the world of literature never ends, each moment of life, makes a literary artist discover new ideas and thoughts, a debateable question, indeed both literature and cinema are interconnected to each other, Literature can turn into a Cinematic view/cinema, but a cinema can never turn into literature. To a Literary genious, Literature is a view of life, a mode of survival, thinking, communicating, expressing his thoughts, but to a Director, film the only mode of communication. A question arises whether cinema should be a true literary genius, it depends on the director as he should be given complete freedom of cinematizing the literary classics in his own view. Cinematising, creating a celluloid of the great classics of literature reflects the vision of the writer and the ideas of the director simultaneously, Still remains unquestionable Literature is bound to cinema or Cinema is bound to literature ?.

A Passage to India: Culture Clash

CONTEXT British context ?Forster was a British writer and most of his readers were British. His work reflects also England and the period in which Forster lived and wrote. He is commonly regarded as an Edwardian novelist, because his first four novels were published during the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910); in this period his values and outlook were developed. ?England had undergone the traumatic experience of the First World War; more than 750000 soldiers were killed, along with another million from other parts of British Empire. Between 1912 and 1924, the British policy had also changed: there were two main parties, the Liberal and the Conservative. ?British Empire was changing. The change was more evident in Ireland. Ireland gained the indipendence in 1921. KEY POINTS ?FULL TITLE: â€Å"A Passage to India† ?AUTHOR: Edward Morgan Forster ?TYPE OF WORK: Novel ?TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN: 1912-1924 England ?DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION: 1924 ?TENSE: Past ?THEMES: Culture Clash ; Friendship; Ambiguity; Religion ?CHARACTERS: Dr Aziz, Mr Fielding, Adela Quested, Mrs. Moore, Ronny Healsop ? SETTING ( TIME ): 1910s or 1920s SETTING ( PLACE ): India, specifically the cities of Chandrapore and Mau. Carico†¦ CHARACTERS Dr Aziz ?Is the central Indian character in the novel. ?He works at the government hospital in Chandrapore. ?He writes poetry and his favorite poetic themes are: the Decay of Islam and the brevity of Love. ?He’s described as a true â€Å"Oriental† person. ?He’s very goodwill and his impulsive nature get him into situations that cause him trouble. ?Like many of his friends prefers to communicte throught confidences, underlying words and indirect speech ? Like many other Indians struggles with the problem of the English in India.CHARACTERS Mr Fielding ?The principal of the Government College (that is, a British? run school) in Chandrapore. ?He has â€Å"no racial feelingâ€Å". ?He’s far and away most the successful at developing relationships with native Indians. ?He’s less comfortable in teacher – student interaction than he is in one -on- one conversation with another individual ? Serves as Forster’s model of liberal humanism. ?At the and of the novel Forster seems to identify with Fielding less. CHARACTERS Adela Quested ?Her character develops in parallel to Mrs Moore’s one ?She’s an individual and educated free thinker Adela hopes to see the â€Å"real India† ?She puts her mind to the task, but not her heart and therfore never connects with Indians. CHARACTERS Mrs. Moore ?Mrs. Moore serves a double function in â€Å"A Passage to India† ? She’s initially a literal character. ?She becomes more a symbolic presence. ?The solution to the problem in India. ?Her name becomes more associeted with Hinduism ?She’s the heroine of the novel CHARACTERS Ronny Heaslop ?Forster ‘s emphasis is on the change that happened, when Ronny firs t arrived in India. ?Ronny’s character is a sort of case, an exploration of the restrictions of English colonial. Ronny’s tastes, opinions and even his manner of speaking are no longer his own, but those of older, ostensibly wiser British Indian officials. ?Clash with both Adela and his mother, Mrs. Moore. CHARACTERS There are also some characters that are less important that the previous and are: ? Mahmoud Ali: a Moslem and a close friend of Dr Aziz. ?Major Callender: the head of the government hospital in Chandrapore. ?Professor Godbole: an Indian who teaches at the college of Chandrapore. ?Hamidullah: a Moslem, educated at Cambridge University. ?Mr. McBride: the district superintendent of police in Chadrapore.Carico†¦ DEEPENING ON FEMALE CHARACTERS ?Adela Quested ?A young Englishwoman who comes to India With Mrs. Moore. ?She is expected to marry Mrs. Moore's son Ronny Heaslop. ?Her behavior radically affects the lives of the characters around her. ?On a symboli c level, Adela may also represent most people's inability to communicate or to understand the deeper patterns and meaning of life. While she is at Fielding's tea party, she remarks that she is not planning to stay long in India. ?She breaks off her engagement with Ronny and stays with Fielding for a while before leaving India and returning to England.She does not reappear after this. DEEPENING ON FEMALE CHARACTERS ?Mrs. Moore. ?She is the most sensitive and reflective of the English characters. ? An elderly widow, she is the mother of Ronny Heaslop, She also has another son, Ralph, and a daughter, Stella, by her second marriage. ?Mrs. Moore is introduced in Chapter two when she meets Dr. Aziz in the mosque in Chandrapore. Her they talk, and a friendship develops: Aziz is happy to have met an English person who is sympathetic toward him and India, while Mrs. Moore finds Aziz charming, intelligent, and interesting. ?In the meantime, Mrs.Moore argues with Ronny and when it becomes clea r that Ronny and Adela will not marry, Mrs. Moore realizes that her duties there were evidently finished. She doesn’t want to see India; Mrs. Moore has lost interest in the trip. For her, the echo's message is â€Å"Everything exists, nothing has value. † Shortly thereafter? just before Aziz's trial? she leaves India; we later learn that she has died on the voyage back to England However, her presence continues to be felt after her death. ?At the end of the novel, the spirit of Mrs. Moore returns to India symbolically in the form of her daughter Stella, who has married Mr.Fielding. THEMES Culture Clash ?The clash between two differents cultures, those of the east and those of the West. ?The West is represented by the Anglo – Indians in Chandrapore. ?Their social life centers around the Chandrapore Club. ?They have no desire to â€Å"understand† India or Indians. ?The East is represented by the Indians. ?We have a clash also between two distinct group of I ndian: Moslems and Hindus. ?â€Å"Hindus have no idea of society†. THEMES Friendship ?Is one of the most important things in life. ?There are many friendships : 1. Dr Aziz and his friends Hamidullah and Mahmoud Ali . Dr Aziz and Mrs. Moore 3. Aziz has a curious friendship with Professor Godbole. 4. British and Indians ?Impersonal forces at work in India will not yet allow the friendship between English and Indians. THEMES Ambiguity ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is full of ambiguity. ?In chapter 7 are introduced two terms that are repeated several times througthout the novel: â€Å"mistery† and â€Å"muddle†. ?Doubt and ambiguity surround two different events in the book that occur at the Marabar Caves: 1. Those of Adela. 2. Those of Mrs. Moore. THEMES Religion ?Religion is the major preoccupation in the book. The three parts of the book; Mosque – Cave and Temple, generally correspond to these religions: 1. Aziz loves the cultural aspects of his Islami c heritage. 2. The Anglo – Indians are spokemen of Christianity 3. Professor Godbole is the central Hindu figure in the book. His belief is the most representative of the true spirit of India. STYLE ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is written in the third person, with an impersonal narrative voice. ?The narrator is apparently omniscent. ?The narrative focus shifts from a description of external events and enters the consciousness of one character or another. At the same time, however, the narrative withholds a full explanation of certain events, most notably the misadventures that befall Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested at the Marabar Caves. Indeed, in recounting these details, the narrator is ambiguous rather than omniscient. STRUCTURE ?â€Å"A Passage to India† is divided into three parts or sections: 1. Part 1 , titeld â€Å"Mosque†, takes place during the cool, dry season. 2. Part 2, titeld â€Å" Caves†, takes place during the hot season. 3. Part 3, tit led, â€Å"Temples†, takes place during the rain season. ?Part 3 is the shortest of the three sections of the novel and might be considered as an epilogue.SETTINGS ?Chandrapore and in the Marabar Caves ?Within the town itself the author identifies several settings: 1. Civil Station 2. Chandrapore Club 3. Public places ?The third section is set in the town of Mau, a Hindu state several miles from Chandrapore. SETTINGS Although Forster uses poetic license in naming places, the settings correspond to real places in India. The novel's main city, Chandrapore, is actually based on the Indian suburb Bankipore, part of the city of Patna in the northern region of Bihar. The invented name, however, is not so far fetched.Forster probably chose this city for its different representation of India: its culture, history, and nature are all noteworthy. The town of Mau, is an example of an Indian hill station, a retreat from Indian plains that offers a serene place of beauty to both tourists and natives. The Marabar Caves about which Aziz knows so little are based on the Jain Temples on the Barabar Hills, once considered a retreat for Jain monks. The most impressive of the four caves on the Barabar Hills is Loma Rishi. The three other caves on the Barabar Hill are Sudama), Karnachopar, and Visvajhopri. SYMBOL ?The most obvious symbols are mosque and cave.Both for Aziz and Mrs. Moore, the mosque is a symbol of refuge and peace, a sanctuary. The first meeting of Aziz and Mrs. Moore takes place in the mosque at night, under the moonlight. Mrs. Moore has gone to the mosque because she is bored with the play she has been attending at the Chandrapore club. ?The mosque, is a symbol of the â€Å"real† India. ?The cave bears some resemblance to the mosque, in that both are closed spaces. Here, however, the resemblance ends. The cave is dark, featureless, and menacing. Although there are many caves at Marabar, it is impossible to distinguish one from another; they are all alike. We don’t know the real meaning of this symbol but It is at least certain that whatever else they might suggest, they stand for misunderstanding and meaninglessness, or what Mrs. Moore calls â€Å"muddle. † THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE CENTRAL EPISODE. ?One of the most unique aspects of Forster's novel is the uncertainty, the sense of not defined, which is focused on the central episode of the book: the alleged attempted rape in Marabar caves. In fact, the writer says nothing about what actually happened in the caves; in the novel there is a contrast between the before and the after that leaves the door open to interpretation. Forster himself said so very ambiguous, â€Å"In the caves there is, a man an hallucination or the supernatural. If I say it becomes whatever the answer, a different book. â€Å" ? This uncertainty is also present in the film: between the before and the after there’s a sharp cut that the viewer can interpret as he wishes, by carefully ob serving the scene we can feeling that Aziz is actually entered the cave with Adela but we aren’t sure of what he did. EXTRAS Islam Hinduism In Islam, belief in one God is the most important belief.Their God is called ALLAH, the Almighty, Creator and Sustainer of the universe, who is similar to nothing and nothing is comparable to Him Hinduism is commonly percived as a politheistic religion. Indeed, most Hindus would attest to this, by proffessing belif in multiple Gods. Islam exhorts man to consider himself and his surroundings as examples of Divine Creation. The trees belongs to God, The sun belongs to God†¦ The mayor differences between the Hindu and the Muslim perception of God is the common Hindus’ belif in the philosofy of Pantheism. The common Hindu considers everything as God.The major difference between the Hindu and Muslim belifs is the difference of the apostrophe â€Å"s† Hinduism has a caste system, with four major castes. Members of each are re quired by strict religious laws to follow hereditary occupations and to refrain from intermarriage or eating with members of another castes. The highest or priestly and intellectual caste is that of Brahmans,. The remain three are: Kshatriya (warrior caste), Vaisya (agricultural caste) and Sudras ( the low caste) In Islam, all humans are created equal, infact Islam rejects characterizing God as favoring certain individuals or nations.Everyone may distinguish himself and get His favour through virtue and piety. Cow is a sacred animal. Cows can’t be killed or eaten Muslims belive that each person has a body and a soul. Your faith and actions in this life will determine your fate in the life after Death. Hiduists believe in body and soul. Your soul returns to your body after death. Your status of caste in next life depends on your deeds in the previous life.

Catherine de Medici Biography, Reign, Accomplishments

Catherine de Medici (born Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici; April 13, 1519 – January 5, 1589) was a member of the powerful Italian Medici family who  became queen consort of France through her marriage to King Henry II. As queen consort and, later, queen mother, Catherine was highly influential during a period of intense religious and civil conflict. Fast Facts: Catherine de Medici Full Name:  Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de MediciOccupation: Queen of France, Queen Mother  Born: April 13, 1519 in Florence, ItalyDied: January 5, 1589 in Blois, FranceKey Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th century politics. She was also an influential patron of the arts. Early Life Catherine was born in 1519 in Florence to Lorenzo de Medici, duke of Urbino and ruler of Florence, and his French wife, Madeleine. Only weeks later, however, Madeleine fell ill and died. Her husband followed a week later. The newborn Catherine was cared for by her paternal grandmother, Alfonsina Orsini, and her cousin Giulio de Medici, who inherited the rule of Florence after Lorenzo’s death. The French King Francis I attempted to bring Catherine to the French court as his kinswoman, but the pope blocked this, looking to an alliance with Spain. Giulio was elected  Pope Clement VII  in 1523. By 1527, the Medici were overthrown, and Catherine became a target in the ensuing violence. She was placed in a series of convents for protection. In 1530, Pope Clement VII summoned his niece to Rome. Her education at this time was not documented, although it’s possible she had access to the scholarly pope’s extensive Vatican library. She did, however, have a governess when she returned to Florence in 1532, and went on to have a passion for literature and science all her life. Marriage and Family Pope Clement VII saw Catherine’s marriage as a useful tool in the tangled alliances of Europe. Several suitors were considered, including James V of Scotland; Henry, Duke of Richmond (Henry VIII’s illegitimate son); and Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. Ultimately, Francis I suggested his younger son: Henry, Duke of Orleans. Catherine and Henry were married on October 28, 1533, both age fourteen. The newlyweds were often apart in their first year of marriage due to the court’s travels, and in any case, Henry demonstrated little interest in his bride. Within a year, he began taking mistresses, including his lifelong mistress Diane de Poitiers. By 1537, Henry had his first acknowledged child with another mistress, but he and Catherine failed to produce any children until 1544, when their first son Francis was born. The couple had a total of ten children, six of whom survived infancy. Despite their many children, Catherine and Henry’s marriage never improved. While Catherine was his official consort, he bestowed most favors and influence upon Diane de Poitiers. Queen of France and Queen Mother In 1536, Henrys older  brother died, making Henry the Dauphin (a term meaning the eldest son of the ruling king of France). When King Francis died on March 31, 1547, Henry became the king, with Catherine crowned as his queen consort—though he allowed her little influence. Henry was killed in a jousting accident on July 10, 1559, leaving his fifteen-year-old son Francis II as the king. Although Francis II was deemed old enough to rule without a regent, Catherine was a crucial force in all his policies. In 1560, the young king fell ill and died, and his brother Charles became King Charles IX at just nine years old. Catherine became regent, taking on all responsibilities of state. Her influence remained long after the regency ended, ranging from arranging dynastic marriages for her other children to being party to major policy decisions. This continued when Charles’s brother, Henry III, succeeded him in 1574. As queen mother, Catherine’s regencies and her influence over her children put her at the forefront of most decisions made by the monarchy. Her era was a period of intense civil disputes, and while Catherine was rumored to be responsible for several acts of violence, she also made several attempts at brokering peace. Religious Disputes The foundation of the civil wars in France was religion–more specifically, the question of how a  Catholic  country would handle a growing number of  Hugenots (Protestants). In 1561, Catherine summoned leaders of both factions to the Colloquy of Poissy in hopes of reconciliation, but it failed. She issued an edict of tolerance in 1562, but only months later a faction led by the Duke of Guise massacred worshipping Huguenots and sparked the French Wars of Religion. The factions were able to make peace for brief periods of time, but never brokered a lasting deal. Catherine attempted to unite the monarchy’s interests with those of the powerful Huguenot Bourbons by proposing a marriage between her daughter Marguerite to Henry of Navarre. Henry’s mother  Jeanne d’Albret  died mysteriously following the engagement, a death for which Huguenots blamed Catherine. The worst, though, was still to come. Following the wedding celebrations in August 1572, Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny was murdered. Expecting a vengeful Huguenot uprising, Charles IX ordered his forces to strike first, resulting in the bloody St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Catherine was, in all likelihood, involved in this decision, which colored her reputation thereafter, though historians differ as to her level of responsibility. Patron of the Arts A true Medici, Catherine embraced  Renaissance ideals  and the value of culture. She maintained a large personal collection at her residence, while also encouraging innovative artists and supporting the creation of elaborately staged spectacles with music, dance, and stagecraft. Her cultivation of the arts was at once a personal preference and a belief that such displays enhanced the royal image and prestige at home and abroad. The entertainments also had the intention of keeping French nobles from in-fighting by providing amusement and diversion. Catherine’s great passion was for architecture; in fact, architects dedicated treatises to her with the knowledge that she would probably read them personally. She was directly involved in several grand building projects, as well as the creation of memorials to her late husband. Her dedication to architecture earned her a contemporary parallel to Artemesia, an ancient Carian (Greek) queen who built the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus as a tribute after her husband’s death. Death   By the late 1580s, Catherine’s influence over her son Henry III was waning, and she became ill, her condition exacerbated by her despair over her son’s violence (including the murder of the Duke of Guise). On January 5, 1589, Catherine died, probably of a lung infection. Because Paris was not held by the monarchy at the time, she was buried at Blois, where she remained until Henry II’s illegitimate daughter Diane had her remains re-interred alongside Henry in the basilica of Saint Denis in Paris. Legacy Catherine lived in an era of constantly shifting alliances, both political and religious, and fought to keep a stable future for her children. She was one of the most powerful forces of the time, driving the decisions of three successive kings. The Protestant historians who wrote after her death tended to portray Catherine as a wicked, decadent Italian who deserved blame for the bloodshed of the era, even going as far as calling her a witch. Modern historians tend towards a more moderate view of Catherine as a powerful woman in a dangerous time. Her patronage of the arts lived on in the reputation for culture and elegance that the French court maintained until the Revolution. Famous Quotes Catherine’s own words are mostly found in her surviving letters. She wrote extensively, especially to her children and to other powerful European leaders. In reply to warnings of the dangers of personally visiting a battlefield:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My courage is as great as yours.†Ã‚  Following the death of her youngest son, Francis:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me, although I realize that Gods will must be obeyed, that He owns everything, and that he lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us.†Ã‚  Advising  Henry III regarding the need for war:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Peace is carried on a stick.†Ã‚   Sources â€Å"Catherine de Medici.†Ã‚  BBC,  www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/de_medici_catherine.shtml.Knecht, R. J.  Catherine de Medici. Routledge, 1998.Michahelles, Kerri-Rue. â€Å"Catherine De Medici’s 1589 Inventory at the Hotel de la Reine in Paris.†Ã‚  Furniture History,  vol. 38, 2002, pp. 1-39.Sutherland, N. M. â€Å"Catherine de Medici: The Legend of the Wicked Italian Queen.†Ã‚  The  Sixteenth-Century Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, 1978, pp. 45-56.